From the Habsburg dynasty. King of the Czech Republic in 1617-1627. King of Hungary 1618-1625 King of Germany in 1619-1636. Emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" in 1619-1637. Son of Archduke Charles II of Central Austria and Mary of Bavaria. J.: 1) from April 23. 1600 Maria Anna, daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria (b. 1574. Died 1616); 2) from 4 Feb. 1622 Eleanor, daughter of Duke Vincenzo I of Mantua (b. 1598. Died 1655). Genus. July 9, 1578 Died February 15 1637
While still in his infancy, Ferdinand lost his father and was raised by his uncle, Duke Wilhelm of Bavaria. From 1590 he studied at the University of Ingolstadt, where the Jesuit fathers taught. Here the future emperor was instilled with the strictest rules of faith and the most sublime concepts about his future destiny. From his early years until his death, Ferdinand considered himself a warrior of the Catholic Church, destined by God to restore its ancient teaching. In 1595 he returned to Grai, the following year he was declared an adult and took possession of his Duchy of Central Austria (which included Styria, Carinthia and Krajina). By nature, Ferdinand was a pleasant socialite: kind to those close to him and merciful to his servants, he easily got along with people, was generous, passionately loved music and was passionate about hunting. At the same time, he was an active and businesslike sovereign who never neglected his duties. But the main feature of his nature was a fanatical commitment to the Catholic Church, which he was ready to serve with both word and sword. The Jesuits had a huge influence on him. Two of them were always in his hallway and had the right to enter him at any time, even at night, for advice and edification. As soon as he assumed power, the young duke began to relentlessly persecute the Protestants. Ferdinand ordered everyone who did not want to change their religion to leave the country. A few years later, in the Austrian possessions, where previously half the population consisted of Lutherans and Calvinists, not a single Protestant church remained.
Soon the ambitious Habsburg had the opportunity to expand his field of activity. Since Ferdinand's older cousins, Rudolf and Matthew, had no sons, he began to be considered as their potential heir from the beginning of the 17th century. Every year he had more and more influence on imperial affairs. In 1617, Ferdinand was elected king of the Czech Republic, and the following year he ascended the Hungarian throne. Following this, complex negotiations began with the imperial princes about the election of Ferdinand as emperor. At this point, in May 1618, a national uprising broke out in Prague, which served as a prologue to the devastating Thirty Years' War. Having learned about the Prague events, Ferdinand began to act decisively and firmly. He ordered the arrest of Emperor Matthew's chief adviser, Cardinal Klezel, who offered to make concessions to the Czechs. After this, the old and weak Matvey no longer interfered with Ferdinand and obediently signed all his decrees.
Meanwhile, the uprising in the Czech Republic was supported by Protestants in Austria itself. The Czechs, led by Count Thurn, moved to Vienna and in June 1619 took possession of its outskirts. At the same time, Austrian rebels seized the imperial palace and demanded that Ferdinand proclaim religious freedom. One of the brave opposition leaders, Tonradel, even grabbed a button of the imperial jacket and pushed Ferdinand several times. Fortunately, a cavalry detachment had just entered the city, and the rebels were frightened by the loud sound of trumpets.
In August, after the death of Matthew, Ferdinand was elected emperor. He ascended the throne under the most difficult circumstances. The Czechs had already openly broken away from the Habsburgs, declared Ferdinand deposed and handed over the crown to the Palatinate Elector Frederick V, the Hungarians were ready to follow their example, all Protestants considered the emperor their enemy. Preparations for war were underway everywhere. At first, the Catholics had a significant advantage over their opponents. Tilly, who commanded the Bavarian army, easily suppressed the disturbances in Upper and Lower Austria, entered the Czech Republic and quickly pushed the rebels back to the walls of Prague. The Czechs occupied a hill to the west of their capital, which was called the White Mountain. On November 8, Tilly attacked their positions and won a decisive victory. This put an end to the Czech uprising. Prague opened its gates to the victorious imperial army, Moravia and Silesia also expressed their submission. The “Royal Rescript” and other acts that gave the Czechs national and religious freedom were destroyed, and the rights of the Sejm were curtailed so much that the Czech Republic found itself in the position of an Austrian province. But in order to completely eradicate the spirit of freedom in the kingdom, laws alone were not enough. Severe repression fell upon the participants in the uprising: 24 nobles were beheaded in Prague, many nobles and ordinary citizens were punished with whips, imprisoned or expelled from the country. Then the confiscation of estates began, which assumed colossal proportions. Three quarters of all lands were taken from the national nobility and given to monasteries and German Catholics. Since the nobility from time immemorial was considered the main force of the national movement, this action broke the freedom-loving spirit of the Czech people. At the same time, Catholicism was being planted. All Czech books of suspicious content were burned. Anyone who did not want to renounce the Protestant faith was ordered to leave the country. About 40 thousand families then went into exile.
Since the Elector of the Palatinate, Frederick, did not want to give up the title of Czech king given to him by the rebels, he became the next victim of the Catholics - by 1623, the Bavarians took possession of the entire Palatinate. Then the Danish king Christian IV entered the war on the side of the Protestants, who received significant subsidies from England for the recruitment of troops. Seeing that the Protestants were increasing their forces, the leaders of the Catholic League began to demand help from the emperor. Ferdinand himself understood that it was impossible to place all the hardships of the war on one Bavarian army, but he had absolutely no means to recruit his own troops. In these difficult circumstances, the Friedland Duke Wallenstein undertook to deliver an army to the emperor at his own expense. Two years later, he gathered more than 50 thousand adventurers from all over Europe under the banner, organized them and created a completely combat-ready army. Wallenstein's main idea was that the army should supply itself, collecting indemnities from the population. Soon he managed to arrange things in such a way that it cost the emperor almost nothing to maintain his army. True, we had to turn a blind eye to the fact that wherever Wallenstein’s soldiers appeared, widespread robberies, murders and cruel torture of civilians began. But since his brave warriors knew how not only to loot, but also to fight and actually won glorious victories, Ferdinand for a long time did not pay attention to their atrocities.
In April 1626, Wallenstein inflicted a decisive defeat on the Protestants at the Dessau Bridge on the Elbe. He then marched to Hungary and forced the rebels there to submit. Meanwhile, Tilly, next to Lutter, put Christian to flight. All of northern Germany hastened to submit to the emperor Wallenstein and Tilly, pursuing the Danes, took possession of all of Holstein, Schleswig and Jutland. In 1629, Ferdinand made peace with Christian. The Danish king received back all his possessions, but had to refuse to interfere in German affairs. In March of the same year, the emperor promulgated the Edict of Restitution (restoration), according to which the Protestants were to return to the Catholics all the lands they had seized after the Peace of Augsburg. This law took away from the Protestants two archbishoprics, twelve bishoprics, many monasteries, priories and other possessions. By carrying it out, the Protestant party would be completely broken. However, the Swedish king Gustav Adolf stood in the way of Ferdinand's ambitious plans. In the summer of 1630, he declared war on the emperor and quickly captured Pomerania and Mecklenburg.
The war resumed with the same ferocity. In the same year, Tilly took Magdenburg and left it to terrible ruin. The city burned to the ground, about 20 thousand people died from sword, fire and horror. Then Tilly invaded Saxony and occupied Leipzig. The outraged Saxons, who had previously observed neutrality, went over to the side of Gustavus Adolphus. On September 17, 1631, a big battle took place near the village of Breitenfeld, and Tilly was defeated in it. After this important victory, Gustav Adolf took possession of Würzburg and invaded the Rhine Palatinate. In 1632 he moved against Bavaria. In April, in the battle of Lech, Tilly was defeated for the second time and received a mortal wound. But when, after this, the Swedish king attacked Wallenstein's camp near Nuremberg, he met strong resistance and retreated with heavy losses. Wallenstein followed him into Saxony. On November 16, a decisive battle took place at Lucenna. Under the pressure of the Swedes, Wallenstein's regiments were scattered and driven back. But the winner Gustav Adolf fell in this battle, and this negated all the success of his army. The Protestant coalition collapsed. The Swedes avoided decisive action and no longer seemed so dangerous. But another threat appeared. By the beginning of the 30s, Wallenstein's power had become so great that it began to inspire fear in the emperor himself. In 1634, senior army officers plotted in favor of their commander. Having learned about this, Ferdinand ordered the loyal troops to suppress the rebellion with all possible firmness, at the same time he gave a secret order to the Eger governor Gordon to deal with Wallenstein. On February 25, the famous commander was suddenly surprised by assassins in his castle and killed the minute he came out of the bathroom.
The new chief of the imperial army, Gallas, took Regensburg, and in September defeated the Swedes at Nordlingen. The Saxon elector had to retreat from his allies and in the spring of 1635 he made peace with the emperor in Prague. This agreement left for the Protestants those lands that they owned in 1552 and the right to use the possessions appropriated between 1552 and 1555 for 40 years. Other Protestant princes were indignant at the betrayal of the Saxons, but were forced, one after another, to join the concluded peace. This could have been the end of the war if not for the intervention of France. In October 1635, Cardinal Richelieu attracted Duke Bernard of Weimar to his side. With French gold, he recruited a large army and led successful actions against the imperial commanders. The war began to flare up with renewed vigor. Ferdinand never lived to see its end - he died two years after the Peace of Prague.
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Ferdinand III (13.VII.1608 - 2.IV.1657) - Emperor since 1637, Austrian Archduke. Son of Ferdinand II. King of part of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Bohemia. After Wallenstein's death (1634) and before ascending the imperial throne, he was commander-in-chief of the imperial troops. It ended with him Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 .
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 15. FELLAHI – ZHALAINOR. 1974.
Ferdinand III (1608–1657), Holy Roman Emperor. The eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II and Maria Anna, daughter of the Duke of Bavaria, Ferdinand was born on July 13, 1608 in Graz, and was raised by the Jesuits. In 1625 he was crowned king of Hungary, and in 1627 - of the Czech Republic. Ferdinand wanted to lead the imperial army that fought in the Thirty Years' War, but Wallenstein, who was then the commander-in-chief of the imperial forces, did not allow this. When Wallenstein was killed in 1634, Ferdinand captured Regensburg and Donauwerth, and was also nominally considered the victor of the Swedes at Nordlingen (where Matthias Gallas actually commanded). In 1636 he was elected King of Rome, and after the death of his father in February 1637 he became Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand sought to end the Thirty Years' War, but was unwilling to grant religious freedom to Protestants. At the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, he refused to ensure the rights of Protestants in his lands. In 1656, Ferdinand sent an army to Italy, acting in alliance with the Spaniards against the French, and in 1657 he signed an agreement with Poland on joint actions against the King of Sweden Carla X. Ferdinand died in Vienna on April 2, 1657.
Materials from the encyclopedia "The World Around Us" were used.
Ferdinand III (1608-1657). From the Habsburg dynasty. King of Hungary in 1625-1655. King of the Czech Republic in 1627-1656. German king in 1636-1657. Emperor "Holy Roman Empire" in 1637-1657 Son Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria.
2) from July 2, 1648 Maria Leopoldina, daughter of Archduke Leopold V of Tyrol (b. 1632 + 1649);
3) from April 30 1651 Eleanor, daughter of Charles II, Duke of Mantua (b. 1630 + 1686).
Ferdinand succeeded his father at the height of the Thirty Years' War, when the Catholic party achieved a decisive advantage over its enemies and only the help of France saved the Protestant princes from complete defeat. The new emperor did not have much statesmanship, was rather indifferent to matters of government and was not carried away by the broad political plans of his father. He, it is true, was a sincere Catholic, but he did not have at all the fanaticism that distinguished the disseminators of Catholic teaching.
Ferdinand did not like the Jesuits, he sincerely pitied his subjects, who experienced terrible hardships during the war, and, perhaps, was ready to grant religious freedom to the Protestants, but it was difficult for him to change his father’s system of government and free himself from the heavy influence of his ministers. Ferdinand II Meanwhile, from the first years of Ferdinand's reign, military actions began to take an increasingly less favorable turn for Catholics. A huge French army entered the war on the Protestant side in 1637, the Swedes still occupied northern Germany, and the Protestant leader, Duke Bernhard of Weimar, won important victories on the Rhine. In February 1638 he defeated the imperial army at Rheinfeld, took Breisach in December, but died soon after. After this, the French took possession of Alsace, which they had conquered. The following year they took Arras and captured Argua. The Swedes invaded Silesia in 1642, defeated the imperial army, penetrated Moravia and began to threaten Vienna itself. Ferdinand, who had spent all his strength on the war and did not know where to recruit a new army, began to seek peace. Negotiations, which began in 1643, dragged on slowly, while the war continued to rage. In subsequent years, the imperial army was defeated by the Swedes at Leipzig (in 1642) and Jankov (in 1645), and by the French at the battles of Rocroi (1643) and Freiburg (1644). In 1648, the Swedes were already besieging Prague, and only the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia saved this city from fall. Peace conditions were very difficult for the empire. France received Alsace, Sundgau, and important fortresses: Breisach and Philippsburg, which belonged to Austria. Stetin, the island of Rügen, Wismar, the bishopric of Bremen and Verden went to Sweden. Their Protestant allies also received an increase in their territories. It was decided that the Protestants would retain all lands acquired before 1624. On the hated restoration edict of the emperor finally lost all meaning: the Peace of Westphalia legitimized the independence of the princes, giving them the right to wage war and enter into alliances both among themselves and with foreign sovereigns.
All the monarchs of the world. Western Europe. Konstantin Ryzhov. Moscow, 1999.
FERDINAND II
1.
Holy Roman Emperor
(Ferdinand II) (1578-1637), Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand, the son of the Styrian Archduke Charles and the daughter of the Bavarian Duke Albrecht V Maria, was born in Graz on July 9, 1578. He was brought up by the Jesuits in a strictly Catholic spirit, then studied at the University of Ingolstadt. In 1590, Charles died, and in 1596 Ferdinand became the plenipotentiary ruler of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and went on the offensive against Protestantism, which under his father had become widespread in the lands subject to Ferdinand. In 1617 he was elected king of the Czech Republic, and the following year - king of Hungary. In 1618, Czech Protestants rebelled against Ferdinand, and in August 1619 they elected Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate, in his place, which unleashed the Thirty Years' War. On August 28, 1619, in Frankfurt, Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He entered into an alliance with Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria and the Catholic League, and in 1620, with their help, he managed to expel Frederick from the Czech Republic (after the Battle of White Mountain on November 8, 1620). Having declared a truce in 1621, Ferdinand concentrated his efforts on eradicating Protestantism. Wanting to strengthen the position of Catholics in the empire, in 1623 Ferdinand transferred the vote of the elector (elector in the election of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire) from the Rhine palatines (i.e. Protestants) to the Bavarian dukes. In 1628 he expelled all Protestant clergy from the Czech Republic, and in 1624 he banned all religious services except Catholic ones. In 1627, an edict was issued according to which all Protestants had to convert to Catholicism or leave the empire. That same year, Ferdinand, with the help of the Bavarians, suppressed an uprising in Upper Austria. His support for the Counter-Reformation led to the resumption of the Thirty Years' War. In 1629, Ferdinand issued an edict of restitution, according to which all the lands that had belonged to it before 1552 were returned to the Catholic Church. The war was unsuccessful for the emperor, mainly because in 1630 he removed his best general, Wallenstein, from command.
Ferdinand II died in Vienna on February 15, 1637.
2.
King of Leon
(Fernando II)(c. 1137-1188), king of Leon, youngest son of Alfonso VII, ruler of the united kingdom of Leon and Castile. According to the will of Alfonso VII, his estates were divided between his two sons. The eldest, Sancho III, inherited Castile, and the youngest ascended the throne of León on August 21, 1157. Ferdinand II waged wars against Castile in the east, seeking to seize his brother's possessions, and in the west against Portugal. After the death of Sancho III on August 31, 1158 and the accession of his minor son Alfonso VIII to the Castilian throne, Ferdinand again attacked Castile and occupied a number of cities, including Toledo, where he held out from 1162 to 1166. When Alfonso VIII restored his power in Toledo, Ferdinand II lost all interest in Castile and began to conquer territories that were under the rule of the Moors: he took the cities of Alcantara (1166) and Badajoz (1169), populated the conquered lands with Christians, strengthened Ciudad Rodrigo and other fortresses, and founded a number of new cities, including Benavente. The king distributed lands to the clergy and nobility with such reckless generosity that he emptied the treasury and in 1180 was forced by a single list to cancel his donations. Ferdinand III died in Benavente on August 22, 1188.
LITERATURE
Altamira y Crevea R. History of Spain, vol. 1. M., 1951 Korsunsky A. History of Spain IX-XIII centuries. M., 1976 Socio-political development of the countries of the Iberian Peninsula under feudalism. M., 1985
3. FERDINAND II Catholic King of Aragon and Sicily
(Fernando II El Catolico) (1452-1516), king of Aragon and Sicily (as Ferdinand II), king of Castile (as Ferdinand V, in 1474-1504), king of Naples (as Ferdinand III, from 1504). Ferdinand, son of King Juan II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez (both from Castile), was born in Sos (modern Sos del Rey Catholico) on March 10, 1452. His marriage in 1469 to Isabella, who became in 1474 (not without armed struggle , which ended in 1479) with the Queen of Castile, created the preconditions for the unification of Spain, although formally the two kingdoms continued to be governed separately. Ferdinand and Isabella established lasting peace in the country, strengthened royal power and, with their active foreign policy and colonial expansion, made Spain the most powerful power in Europe. Secretive and insidious, skillfully exploiting the mistakes and weaknesses of his opponents, Ferdinand earned the highest praise from Machiavelli: “There is one sovereign in our time... who, except for peace and fidelity, never preaches anything. In fact, he is a great enemy to both; and it’s true - if he had maintained fidelity and peace, he would have long ago lost both glory and state" (The Sovereign, chapter 18). With the help of Isabella, Ferdinand managed to centralize power, suppressing the resistance of the feudal nobility, clergy and cities. Instead of representatives of the higher aristocracy, people from the middle class and lower nobility were appointed to important administrative posts and to the royal council. The monarchs launched a fight against the abuses of officials, against feudal freemen and robbery on the roads, monitored strict compliance with the laws and adopted a number of decrees aimed at protecting and developing trade and entrepreneurship. However, they themselves largely devalued these measures and dealt a severe blow to the country's economy when, with the blessing of Pope Sixtus IV (1478), they established the Inquisition in Spain and expelled the Jews from the country (1492). Ferdinand and Isabella can also be blamed for their patronage of the Meste, a guild of sheep breeders that cleared the forests for pasture and thereby caused irreparable damage to the agriculture of Castile. In general, royal agricultural policy was aimed at concentrating land in the hands of the aristocracy, which exacerbated Spain's social and economic problems. At the same time, in Catalonia, Ferdinand put an end to the fierce struggle between peasants and feudal lords, abolishing serfdom in this kingdom by his decision (Guadalupe Maxim, 1486), which allowed 50,000 peasants to become small landowners. But Spain owes its greatness and power most of all to the policies that Ferdinand pursued in the international arena. If the country owes Isabella two events that occurred in 1492 - the conquest of the Emirate of Granada (she took an active part in this matter, both financial and practical - improved organization of supplies, the introduction of army hospitals) and the discovery of America (support provided to Columbus), then In 1493, Ferdinand, by agreement with the French king, annexed Roussillon and Cerdagne to Spain, took possession of the Kingdom of Naples in Italy (1504) and conquered Navarre (1512). To consolidate his acquisitions, Ferdinand married one of his daughters, Catherine, to the English king Henry VIII, and the other, Juana, to Philip the Fair, son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. After Isabella's death in 1504, Philip demanded the crown of Castile. Ferdinand did not dare to enter into conflict with his son-in-law and his powerful supporters from the Castilian nobility and moved to Aragon. In October 1505, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of the King of France. In 1506, Philip the Fair died and Ferdinand was declared regent of Castile under his daughter Juana the Mad. Ferdinand died in Madrigalejo (Extremadura) on January 23, 1516. He was succeeded on the throne of Aragon by his grandson Charles V, later the Holy Roman Emperor, who, in addition to Spain and the New World, was soon to unite in his hands the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, as well as the possessions of the Austrian House of Habsburg and the Dukes of Burgundy.
LITERATURE
Piskorsky V. History of Spain and Portugal. St. Petersburg, 1909 Socio-political development of the countries of the Iberian Peninsula under feudalism. M., 1985 Kuchumov V. Formation of a class representative monarchy in Aragon and Catalonia in the 12-15th centuries. Abstract of the dissertation. M., 1990
Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .
Ferdinand is a Germanic masculine given name and surname, consisting of the words prepared/protection/safety/peace (frithu) and journey/courage/folly (nantha). It is especially common in countries and regions that were inhabited... ... Wikipedia
Ferdinand III (German: Ferdinand III., July 13, 1608, Graz April 2, 1657, Vienna) Holy Roman Emperor from February 15, 1637, King of Hungary (part of the kingdom from November 26, 1625, (coronation December 8, 1626), the whole kingdom in 1637 1647),… …Wikipedia
Ferdinand I Ferdinand I. 2nd Emperor of Austria ... Wikipedia
Ferdinand II (July 9, 1578 February 15, 1637). From the Habsburg dynasty. King of the Czech Republic June 6, 1617 August 19, 1619 (1st time) (coronation June 29, 1618), November 13, 1620 February 15, 1637 (2nd time), King of Hungary from May 18, 1618 (coronation July 1, 1618).... ... Wikipedia
Ferdinand I: Ferdinand I (King of Leon) nicknamed “The Great” (c. 1000 1065) Ferdinand I, King of Portugal (1345 1383) Ferdinand I (King of Aragon) and Sicily (1379 1416) Ferdinand I (King of Naples) (c. 1424 1494) Ferdinand I... ... Wikipedia
Ferdinand II: Ferdinand II, King of Leon (1157 1188) Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452 1516) Ferdinand II (King of Naples) (1469 1496) Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor) (1578 1637) Ferdinand II (Grand Duke of Tuscany) (1610 1670)… …Wikipedia
Fernando VI ... Wikipedia
- (Fernando VI) (September 23, 1713, Madrid August 10, 1759, Villaviciosa de Odón), third king of Spain from the Bourbon dynasty (see BOURBONS) (1746 1759). Son of King Philip V of Spain and his first wife Maria Luisa of Savoy, brother of King Louis of Spain... encyclopedic Dictionary
- : Ferdinand IV (king of Castile) (1285 1312) king of Castile (1295 1312) Ferdinand IV of Habsburg (1633 1654) King of Rome (1653 1654), nominal king of the Czech Republic (1646 1654) and Hungary (1647 1654) Ferdinand IV of Naples (1751 ... ... Wikipedia
Ferdinand II.
Reproduction from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/
Ferdinand II of Aragon, Catholic (1452-1516). The son of Juan II of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez of Castile, born in Sosa in 1452, Ferdinand became King of Sicily in 1468; the following year he married Infanta Isabella of Castile in Valladolid. Becoming King of Castile in 1474, he succeeded to the Aragonese throne in 1479. He led military campaigns against Portugal, then against Granada (1492) and entered Italy, having previously captured Cerdagne and Roussillon in 1493; Naples was submitted to the Aragonese crown in 1504, and Navarre to the Castilian crown in 1512. Ferdinand supported church reform and the creation of the Court of the Inquisition, and subjugated the nobility. He married his children in Portugal, Germany and England. Having become regent of Castile after the death of Isabella in 1504, and then again in 1506 after his son-in-law, Philip the Fair, in 1516 he appointed his grandson, Charles of Habsburg, Charles V, as heir to the crown of Aragon and Castile. A skillful politician and good strategist, Ferdinand represented is a model of a ruler who inspired Machiavelli to write his book “The Prince.”
Ryukua A. Medieval Spain / Adeline Ryukua. – M., Veche, 2014, p. 374-375.
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella.
Gold coin XV century
Ferdinand II (Fernando) of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic (10.III.1452 - 23.I.1516), - king of Aragon from 1479, of Sicily (Ferdinand II) from 1468, of Castile (Ferdinand V) in 1479-1504 (as husband (from 1469) of Isabella, who became the Castilian queen from 1474 (finally from 1479), the Neapolitan king (Ferdinand III) from 1504. He united Aragon and Castile on the basis of a personal union. After the death of Isabella (1504), he was declared regent of Castile under their daughter Juana the Mad. In 1492 he conquered Granada from the Arabs (thus completing the Reconquista), in 1493, under the Treaty of Barcelona with the French king, he annexed Roussillon and Cerdagne, and in 1512 he conquered Upper Navarre. As a result of military operations against France, he annexed the Kingdom of Naples in 1504. Being in fact the first king of a united Spain, Ferdinand sought to establish royal absolutism: under him, the apparatus of government was centralized, the privileges of large feudal lords were significantly limited - they were deprived of the right to vote in the royal council and the right to mint coins. In the fight against the nobility, Ferdinand relied on the middle and small nobility and the cities, then he limited the privileges of the cities, subordinating their internal governance and judicial structure to the crown. During the reign of Ferdinand, the importance of the Cortes fell, which began to be convened irregularly and were made dependent on the royal treasury. Ferdinand declared himself the Grand Master of the spiritual and knightly orders in Spain, which represented a significant economic and political force. In 1486, Ferdinand issued the Guadalupe Maxima, which abolished serfdom in Catalonia (for ransom), abolishing the criminal jurisdiction of lords, which became the prerogative of royal power. Ferdinand pursued an active pro-Catholic policy, for which he received the nickname “Catholic.” In 1480, Ferdinand and Isabella established a tribunal of the Inquisition in Castile, in 1492 they issued a decree on the expulsion of Jews, and intensified the persecution of the Moors, who were subjected to forced conversion to Christianity.
L. T. Milskaya. Moscow.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 15. FELLAHI – ZHALAINOR. 1974.
Literature: Altamira y Crevea R., History of Spain, abbr. lane from Spanish, (vol.) 1, M., 1951, p. 418-97; Prescott W. H., History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, v. 1-4, Phil., 1873-1904; Jiménez Soler A., Fernando el Católico, Barcelona, 1941; Vicens Vives J., Fernando el Católico, Madrid, 1952.
Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, Sicily, Valencia, Count of Barcelona
Ferdinand V, King of Castile
Ferdinand III, King of Naples
Ferdinand, King of Navarre
Ferdinand the Catholic
Fernando II el Catolico
Years of life: March 10, 1452 - June 23, 1516
Reign: Aragon, Sicily, Valencia, Barcelona: January 20, 1479 - June 23, 1516
Naples: 1504 - June 23, 1516
Castile: 1506 - June 23, 1516
Navarre: 1512 - June 23, 1516
Father: Juan II
Mother: Juana Enriquez
Wives:
(1) Isabella I of Castile
(2) Germaine de Foix
Son: (1) Juan
Daughters: (1) Isabella, Juana, Maria, Catalina
Ferdinand was very handsome, combining the qualities of a brilliant knight and a clever politician. He was not very well educated and did not shine with military leadership talents, but he was a master of political intrigue. It is not for nothing that Machiavelli in his book “The Prince” called Ferdinand an exemplary ruler.
An intelligent and energetic mother raised Ferdinand in strictness. From a young age he took part in campaigns and experienced the dangers of war during the siege of Barcelona. At the age of 17, he was proclaimed king of Sicily and his father's governor in Aragon. In 1468, Isabella of Castile, in search of a groom, chose Ferdinand, largely because of his personal qualities. Despite the fact that the couple lived apart for a long time, each in their own state, very warm feelings remained between them all their lives.
After becoming king of Aragon, Ferdinand introduced reforms similar to those implemented by Isabella in Castile, aimed at strengthening royal power. Ermandads were created, unions of townspeople to maintain order, which became the king’s support in the fight against rebellious nobles.
In 1482, Ferdinand and Isabella began a war against the Emirate of Granada, the last stronghold of the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula. The first trips were not very successful. Spanish troops suffered a number of defeats.
Meanwhile, Isabella died in 1504, and the Castilian throne was to go to her mentally ill daughter Juana, who was unable to rule on her own. Ferdinand sought the position of regent for his daughter, but the Castilian nobles did not like the stingy and treacherous Aragonese and called for help from Juana’s husband, Philip of Habsburg, who lived in Flanders. Realizing that he was not able to fight Philip, Ferdinand safely gave in, and did the right thing: a few months later Philip died of a fever. Juana finally went mad, and the Castilians had to recognize Ferdinand's regency. In Castile he ruled very carefully, respecting local customs, and his authority was not questioned.
The following years became the pinnacle of Ferdinand's power. In 1508, in Cambrai, he entered into an alliance with Pope Julius II, Emperor Maximilian and Louis XII against Venice, which owned several ports in the Kingdom of Naples. Leaving his allies to conduct the main military operations, Ferdinand limited himself to capturing these ports. When the French began to win one victory after another and became dangerously stronger, Ferdinand entered into a coalition with Venice, England and the emperor. In 1512, France suffered several defeats and lost all Italian possessions. Ferdinand, meanwhile, conquered the Spanish half of Navarre.
He died in 1516, bequeathing all Aragonese possessions to his grandson Charles.
Ferdinand II the Catholic (Fernando II El Catlico) (1452–1516), king of Aragon and Sicily (as Ferdinand II), king of Castile (as Ferdinand V, in 1474–1504), king of Naples (as Ferdinand III, from 1504).
In general, royal agricultural policy was aimed at concentrating land in the hands of the aristocracy, which exacerbated Spain's social and economic problems. At the same time, in Catalonia, Ferdinand put an end to the fierce struggle between peasants and feudal lords, abolishing serfdom in this kingdom by his decision (Guadalupe Maxim, 1486), which allowed 50,000 peasants to become small landowners.
But Spain owes its greatness and power most of all to the policies that Ferdinand pursued in the international arena. If the country owes Isabella two events that occurred in 1492 - the conquest of the Emirate of Granada (she took an active part in this matter, both financial and practical - improved organization of supplies, the introduction of army hospitals) and the discovery of America (support provided to Columbus), then In 1493, Ferdinand, by agreement with the French king, annexed Roussillon and Cerdagne to Spain, took possession of the Kingdom of Naples in Italy (1504) and conquered Navarre (1512). To consolidate his acquisitions, Ferdinand married one of his daughters, Catherine, to the English king Henry VIII, and the other, Juana, to Philip the Fair, son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death in 1504, Philip demanded the crown of Castile.
Ferdinand did not dare to enter into conflict with his son-in-law and his powerful supporters from the Castilian nobility and moved to Aragon. In October 1505, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of the King of France. In 1506, Philip the Fair died and Ferdinand was declared regent of Castile under his daughter Juana the Mad. Ferdinand died in Madrigalejo (Extremadura) on January 23, 1516. He was succeeded on the throne of Aragon by his grandson Charles V, later the Holy Roman Emperor, who, in addition to Spain and the New World, was soon to unite in his hands the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, as well as the possessions of the Austrian House of Habsburg and the Dukes of Burgundy.
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Ferdinand II (1452-1516) - King of Aragon from 1479-1516. King of Naples in 1504-1516. Son of Juan II and Juana Henriquez. 1) since 1469 Queen of Castile Isabella I
(born 1451 + 1504);
Ferdinand, according to the testimony of all his contemporaries, was an extremely handsome man and combined the qualities of a brilliant knight and a clever ruler.
His courageous and intelligent mother raised him completely differently from the way Spanish kings were usually raised. Under her leadership, already in childhood he experienced all the dangers of war, participated in campaigns in Catalonia and in the siege of Barcelona.
At the age of seventeen he was proclaimed king of Sicily and appointed his father's viceroy in Aragon. In 1468, when the Castilian princess Isabella was looking for a groom, she without much hesitation chose Ferdinand, largely because of his personal merits. This marriage also had the benefit that in the future it should lead to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single state. The union of Ferdinand and Isarella was successful. Despite the fact that Ferdinand cheated on his wife (the couple lived apart for a long time, each in his own kingdom), she loved him passionately and tenderly all her life.
In 1482, Ferdinand and Isabella began a war against the Granadan Mohammedans and waged it continuously for ten years. The start of hostilities was unsuccessful for Christians. In the first year of the war, Ferdinand marched into the Genil Valley and besieged the rich and heavily fortified city of Loja. The Moors made a sortie and defeated the Spaniards, who then lost many brave knights. Another campaign the following year also ended in defeat. But soon a dispute began in Granada between Emir Abul-Hasan and his son Abu-Abdallah. Christians began to gain victories. In 1487 Ferdinand besieged Malaga. For three months there was a fierce war at sea, on land and underground; mine explosions destroyed part of the city wall; the inhabitants began to languish from hunger and thirst. In August they surrendered to the mercy of the winner. Ferdinand and Isabella, however, treated them without any leniency: all Muslim property was confiscated, and they themselves were enslaved and sold to Africa. In 1488, Ferdinand went to Basu. This city was almost impregnable and had large supplies of food. The siege lasted nine months. Finally, the residents surrendered on the condition that they keep their property. After this, the entire mountainous region submitted to the Spaniards. In 1490, the siege of Granada began. Its inhabitants also capitulated when they were promised the preservation of their faith, customs and property.
This was the first successful war fought by a united Spain. formed a coalition against them, which included Venice, the English king and emperor. In 1512, France suffered several defeats and lost all Italian possessions.
All the monarchs of the world. Western Europe. Konstantin Ryzhov. Moscow, 1999.
Thus ended Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. Read further:).
Marita A. Panzer. "Catholic Royal Couple": Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479-1504/16) (
Spanish kings. Rostov-on-Don, 1998
Main events of the 16th century (chronological table).
Literature:
Piskorsky V. History of Spain and Portugal. St. Petersburg, 1909
Socio-political development of the countries of the Iberian Peninsula under feudalism. M., 1985
Kuchumov V. Formation of a class representative monarchy in Aragon and Catalonia in the 12th–15th centuries. Abstract of the dissertation. M., 1990
Altamira y Crevea R., History of Spain, abbr. lane from Spanish, (vol.) 1, M., 1951, p. 418-97;
Prescott W. H., History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, v. 1-4, Phil., 1873-1904;
From 1590 he studied at the University of Ingolstadt, where the Jesuits taught. Here the future emperor was instilled with the strictest rules of faith and the most sublime concepts about his future destiny. From his early years until his death, Ferdinand considered himself a warrior of the Catholic Church, destined by God to restore its ancient teaching. In 1595 he returned to Graz, the following year he was declared of age and took possession of his Duchy of Central Austria, which included Styria, Carinthia and Carniola.
By nature, Ferdinand was a pleasant socialite: kind to those close to him and merciful to his servants, he easily got along with people, was generous, passionately loved music and was passionate about hunting. At the same time, he was an active and businesslike sovereign who never neglected his duties. But the main feature of his nature was a fanatical commitment to the Catholic Church, which he was ready to serve with both word and sword. The Jesuits had a huge influence on him. Two of them were always in his hallway and had the right to enter him at any time, even at night, for advice and edification.
As soon as he assumed power, the young duke began to relentlessly persecute the Protestants. Ferdinand ordered everyone who did not want to change their religion to leave the country. Like his uncle, Ferdinand loved to repeat the words: “Better a desert than a country inhabited by heretics.” A few years later, in the Austrian possessions, where previously half the population consisted of Lutherans and Calvinists, not a single Protestant church remained.
Since Ferdinand's older cousins, and, did not have legitimate sons, from the beginning of the 17th century he began to be considered as their potential heir. Every year Ferdinand had more and more influence on imperial affairs. In 1617, Ferdinand was elected king of the Czech Republic, and the following year he ascended the Hungarian throne. Following this, complex negotiations began with the imperial princes about the election of Ferdinand as emperor. At this point, in May 1618, a national uprising broke out in Prague, which served as a prologue to the devastating Thirty Years' War.
It all started when, back in December 1617, the Archbishop of Prague ordered the destruction of the Protestant church in Klostergrab. This incident caused a lot of noise in the Czech Republic and throughout the empire. Czech Protestants gathered in Prague and, after heated debates, decided that such lawlessness could not be left without consequences. On May 23, 1618, several hundred nobles went to the ancient castle of Hradcany, where ten governors who ruled the Czech Republic in the absence of a conference were conferring, seized two of them, especially hated by everyone, and threw them out the window (the so-called “Second Prague Defenestration”).
Obviously, after this the war was supposed to begin. However, neither the emperor nor his minister wanted her. Klesl made an attempt to resolve the conflict peacefully. Then Ferdinand took the cardinal into custody in July and imprisoned him in the castle of Ambras. Having lost his long-term adviser, Matvey was at a loss, placed all the levers of power in the hands of Ferdinand and could only watch powerlessly as events dragged Germany into a destructive religious war.
Meanwhile, the uprising in the Czech Republic was supported by Protestants in Austria itself. The Czechs, led by Count Thurn, moved towards Vienna and in June 1619 took possession of its outskirts. At the same time, Austrian rebels seized the imperial palace and demanded that Ferdinand proclaim religious freedom. One of the brave opposition leaders, Tonradel, even grabbed a button of the imperial jacket and pushed Ferdinand several times. Fortunately, at that moment a cavalry detachment had just entered the city, and the rebels were frightened by the loud sound of trumpets.
In August 1619, after his death, Ferdinand was elected emperor. He ascended the throne under the most difficult circumstances. The Czechs had already openly broken away from the Habsburgs, declared Ferdinand deposed and handed over the crown to the Elector of the Palatinate. The Hungarians soon followed their example: on August 25, 1620, a Transylvanian prince was elected king of Hungary at the Diet in Bestercebanye. Through joint efforts, the Czech-Moravian-Hungarian army even besieged Vienna, but was forced to retreat after attacks from enemies in the rear.
Soon, Count Tilly, who commanded the Bavarian army, easily suppressed the disturbances in Upper and Lower Austria, entered the Czech Republic and quickly pushed the rebels back to the walls of Prague. The Czechs occupied a hill to the west of their capital, which was called the White Mountain. On November 8, Tilly attacked their positions and won a decisive victory. This put an end to the Czech uprising. Prague opened its gates to the victorious imperial army, Moravia and Silesia also expressed their submission. The “Royal Rescript” and other acts that gave the Czechs national and religious freedom were destroyed, and the rights of the Sejm were curtailed so much that the Czech Republic found itself in the position of an Austrian province. But in order to completely eradicate the spirit of freedom in the kingdom, laws alone were not enough. Severe repression fell upon the participants in the uprising: 24 nobles were beheaded in Prague, many nobles and ordinary citizens were punished with whips, imprisoned or expelled from the country. Then the confiscation of estates began, which assumed colossal proportions. Three quarters of all lands were taken from the national nobility and given to monasteries and German Catholics. Since the nobility from time immemorial was considered the main force of the national movement, this action broke the freedom-loving spirit of the Czech people. At the same time, Catholicism was being planted. All Czech books of suspicious content were burned. Anyone who did not want to renounce the Protestant faith was ordered to leave the country. About 40 thousand families then went into exile.
On December 31, 1621, the emperor signed a peace treaty with Nikolsburg. The Transylvanian prince renounced his claims to the Hungarian crown, receiving in return part of Slovakia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia, part of North-Eastern Hungary and the principalities of Opole and Raciborz in Silesia.
Since he did not want to give up the title of Czech king given to him by the rebels, he became the next victim of the Catholics - by 1623 the Bavarians took possession of the entire Palatinate. Then the Danish king entered the war on the side of the Protestants, who received significant subsidies from England for the recruitment of troops. Seeing that the Protestants were increasing their forces, the leaders of the Catholic League began to demand help from the emperor. Ferdinand himself understood that it was impossible to place all the hardships of the war on one Bavarian army, but he had absolutely no means to recruit his own troops. In these difficult circumstances, the Friedland Duke Wallenstein undertook to deliver an army to the emperor at his own expense. Two years later, he gathered more than 50 thousand adventurers from all over Europe under the banner, organized them and created a completely combat-ready army. Wallenstein's main idea was that the army should supply itself, collecting indemnities from the population. Soon he managed to arrange things in such a way that it cost the emperor almost nothing to maintain his army. True, we had to turn a blind eye to the fact that wherever Wallenstein’s soldiers appeared, widespread robberies, murders and cruel torture of civilians began. But since these brave warriors knew how not only to loot, but also to fight and actually won glorious victories, Ferdinand for a long time did not pay attention to their atrocities.
In April 1626, Wallenstein inflicted a decisive defeat on the Protestants at the Dessau Bridge on the Elbe. He then marched to Hungary and forced the rebels there to submit. Meanwhile, Tilly, next to Lutter, fled. All of northern Germany hastened to express submission to the emperor. Wallenstein and Tilly, pursuing the Danes, took possession of all of Holstein, Schleswig and Jutland. In 1629, Ferdinand made peace. The Danish king received back all his possessions, but had to refuse to interfere in German affairs. In March of the same year, the emperor promulgated the edict of restitution (restoration), according to which the Protestants were to return to the Catholics all the lands they had seized after the Peace of Augsburg. This law took away from the Protestants two archbishoprics, twelve bishoprics, many monasteries, priories and other possessions. By carrying it out, the Protestant party would be completely broken. However, the Swedish king stood in the way of Ferdinand's ambitious plans. In the summer of 1630, he declared war on the emperor and quickly captured Pomerania and Mecklenburg.
The war resumed with the same ferocity. In the same year, Tilly took Magdeburg and left it to terrible ruin. The city burned to the ground, about 20 thousand people died from sword, fire and horror. Tilly then invaded Saxony and occupied Leipzig. The indignant Saxons, who had previously observed neutrality, went over to the side. On September 17, 1631, a big battle took place near the village of Breitenfeld, and Tilly was defeated in it. After this important victory, he took possession of Würzburg and invaded the Rhine Palatinate. In 1632 he moved against Bavaria. In April, in the battle of Lech, Tilly was defeated for the second time and received a mortal wound. But when, after this, the Swedish king attacked Wallenstein's camp near Nuremberg, he met strong resistance and retreated with heavy losses. Wallenstein followed him into Saxony. On November 16, a decisive battle took place at Lucenna. Under the pressure of the Swedes, Wallenstein's regiments were scattered and driven back. But the winner fell in this battle, and this negated all the success of his army. The Protestant coalition collapsed. The Swedes avoided decisive action and no longer seemed so dangerous. But another threat appeared. By the beginning of the 1630s, Wallenstein's power had become so great that it began to inspire fear in the emperor himself. In 1634, senior army officers plotted in favor of their commander. Having learned about this, Ferdinand ordered the loyal troops to suppress the rebellion with all possible firmness, at the same time he gave a secret order to the Eger governor Gordon to deal with Wallenstein. On February 25, the famous commander was suddenly surprised by assassins in his castle and killed the minute he came out of the bathroom.
The new chief of the imperial army, Gallas, took Regensburg, and in September defeated the Swedes at Nordlingen. The Saxon elector had to retreat from his allies and in the spring of 1635 he made peace with the emperor in Prague. This treaty left to the Protestants those lands that they owned in 1552, and the right to use the possessions appropriated between 1552 and 1555 for 40 years. Other Protestant princes were indignant at the betrayal of the Saxons, but were forced, one after another, to join the concluded peace. This could have been the end of the war if not for the intervention of France. In October 1635, Cardinal Richelieu attracted Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar to his side. With French gold, he recruited a large army and led successful actions against the imperial commanders. The war began to flare up with renewed vigor. Ferdinand never lived to see its end - he died two years after the Prague Peace.
